AWS ARE-12 pdf free download

AWS ARE-12 pdf free download.ECONOMICS OF WELDING AND CUTTING.
Direct labor is work that is required for the production of a finished article. These costs, which may include the work involved in the performance of testing and inspection activities, can readily be charged to the finished product. Expendable equipment includes the small tools, fixtures, and accessories used in the production processes that are expendable and readily charged to the product.
Factory overhead consists of all indirect labor, materials, and other indirect manufacturing expenses’ that cannot he allocated precisely to a product on a per-part basis. Allocations for facilities, equipment, power, air, utilities, and manufacturing services such as niaintenance may he a part of these costs. Overhead costs can also he allocated to a product based on cost drivers such as direct labor hours or equipment hours. A portion of overhead costs may be fixed, while the remainder might vary depending upon the production rate, which is defined as the number of parts produced per unit of tinw.
ESTIMATING WELDING COSTS
Costs for welding include the basic elements common to other manufacturing processes and activities. In welding, however, these elements have many variables, some of which are unique to a welding process, while others may be proprietary to a company. Defining these variables requires the knowledge and experience of individuals familiar with the disciplines of engineering, metallurgy, manufacturing, and quality control.
The variables generally considered when estimating the costs of arc welding are listed in Table 1.
Computerization and data processing are important tools used in the determination of costs. Gathering and evaluating data for welding cost estimates can be an expensive and cumbersome chore; however, using computers and the appropriate application software, quick and convenient analyses of many welding variables can he produced. For example, database systems have been developed for the management of welding procedures and welder performance qualifications, production welding, and quality control.
The welding procedure specification (WPS) provides important data needed to calculate the cost of the weld. Thus, the welding procedure specification can serve as the starting point for a cost estimate for welding, as it defines the welding variables to be used in the manufacturing process and provides a basis for repeatability and consistency in production. Many companies have standardized welding procedures that are used for vari- ous jobs of a similar nature. A sample welding proce- dure specification form indicating the variables to be used for a given job is shown in Figure 1. Materials Estimate Material costs are comprised of the cost of those materials consumed in the workplace while making the weld. For welding processes in which filler metal is deposited, the amount of deposited metal can be the basis for all material costs. The total cost per pound (kilogram) of filler metal deposited is commonly used in estimates in place of cost per worker-hour. Other material costs include process-specific items such as gases, fluxes, backing rings or strips, and anti- spatter compounds. Gases include those required for shielding in arc welding and brazing operations and those used for fuel and oxygen in oxyfuel gas welding, brazing, and soldering. Fluxes include those used in submerged arc and electroslag welding and in brazing and soldering operations.AWS ARE-12 pdf download.